Biofluorimetry Lab

Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica

La Sapienza University of Rome

page created and maintained by Leopoldo Silvestroni & Simonetta Palleschi

 

last update April 7, 2008

 

Microscopy

 

Topics in this page are heavily based on animations and interactivity

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please visit also our Fluorescence/Spectroscopy and Photobook pages

 

Click here for the first electron micrograph of an intact animal cell (1945)

page map:

CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY

FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY

IMAGING & IMAGE ANALYSIS

IMAGES

MICROSCOPY IN GENERAL & LIGHT MICROSCOPY

PROBE MICROSCOPY

PROTOCOLS

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

SPECIALIZED MICROSCOPIES

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

USEFUL STUFF

this page is under fierce cosmetizing work: check back !

Visit also our Fluorescence/Spectroscopy page

 

some snapshots from inside the Biofluorimetry Lab

LAB_04 AFM NANONICS_02 AFM ELETTRONICA_01 AFM LASER_01
optical microscopy AFM-NSOM AFM-NSOM electronics NSOM argon ion laser

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

(1632-1723)

 

 

 

 

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Robert Hooke

(1665)

 

 

 

 

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Galileo Galilei ?

(1680)

 

 

 

 

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John Yarwell

(1685)

 

 

 

 

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Wilson

(1720)

 

 

 

 

 

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John Marshall

(1720)

 

 

 

 

history_micr_Giuseppe_Campani_1720.jpg

Giuseppe Campani

(1720)

 

 

 

 

 

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Benjamin Martin

(1738)

 

 

 

 

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Edward Scarlet

(1750)

 

 

 

 

John Cuff

(1750)

IMAGING & IMAGE ANALYSIS

2D Software

3D imaging (1)
3D rendering (VolPack)

3D deconvolution of microscope data

3D deconvolution using adaptive inverse modeling
3D reconstruction

3D Software

3D video holography through biological tissue

4D live-cell imaging
4D microscopy (with movie demo)

4D-viewer software

Astrostack

Avalanche photodiodes

Background subtraction toolkit (Download)

Binning

Blurring: the point-spread function (PSF) model

Blurring and noise: common sources

CCDs (see also Digital cameras):

anatomy

building (Java)

characterization (PDF)

cooled (1 - 2 - 3 4 )

dynamic range

electron-bombarded

electron multiplying

electronic shutters

four phase clocking

frame-transfer architecture

full-frame architecture

full-frame operation (Java)
grading (PDF)

interline transfer architecture

introduction

Kodak's

linearity
measurements

microlens arrays

MOS capacitor

noise sources

noise sources and sgnal-to-noise ratio

quantum efficiency

saturation and blooming

scanning formats

sequential color systems

SITe's

three phase clocking

two phase clocking

Clearing up deconvolution (D.Biggs - B Kolbe) PDF

CMOS image sensors introduction (Java)

Color compensating filters: specifications and spectral data

Color temperature
Computing

Data Acquisition Software

Deconvolution

algorithms

analysis: artifacts and aberrations

haze removal formulas

out-of-focus correction

in optical microscopy

service

software

software and free demos

Depth-of-field expansion

Detectors

Digital cameras: (1)(2)(3)

accessories

commercial sites:

CMOS cameras

Dage/MTI
Diagnostic instruments
DVC Company
Hamamatsu

High-speed cameras

Infrared/thermal cameras

Intensified CCD cameras

MiniVID eyepiece camera
Optronics
Photon technology international (PTI)
Princeton instruments
Photometrics
The Cooke Corporation

Meyer MicroImage AT1093

how they work

lenses

readout and frame rates

resolution requirements

reviews by manufacturer:

Canon

Casio

Fuji

HP

Kodak

Minolta

Nikon

Olympus

Panasonic

Pentax

Samsung

Sony

signal-rto-noise ratio

Digital filters

Digital image processing interactive Java tutorials

Digital image processing basic concepts

Digital images basic properties

Digital imaging:

basics

color balance

concepts

ethics

Java and flash tutorials

optical microscopy

software

Web resources (1) (2)
Digital processing of electron microscope images

Digital microscopy magazine (vendors)

Electronic imaging detectors
Fast Fourier transform (
1)

Film basics

Film cameras for photomicrography

Filters for black & white photomicrography

Filters for color photomicrography

Fluorescence photomicrography

Fluorescent ring light (variable intensity)

Fourier Slice Photography

Free Image Processing Software

Fundamentals of film exposure

Fundamentals of video imaging

Geometric feature recognition methods

Graphical software packages (downloadable)

Java tutorial
Image analysis and 3D processing
Image analysis (software/examples)

Image calculation techniques

Image editing

Image formation

Image processing:

fundamentals (comprehensive)

general algorithms (A-Z)
mathematical techniques

registration

segmentation (1) (2) (3)
segmentation and digital topology

www sites

Image physics

Image transformations and filters

ImageJ

ImageJ 4D data browsing plugin
ImageJ plugins (1) (2)
Imagemet - Scanning Probe Image Proccesor (SPIP) 
ImagePC (Scion Co. - downloadable software)

Images: computer graphics links

Imaging Physics- image processing

Imaging physics - principles and detection

Infrared-sensitive modification for Color QuickCam

Interactive computer graphics of biological specimens

Kodak Wratten filters for black & white photomicrography

Light measurement handbook

Microphotography:

Abbe Condenser Chromatic Aberrations

avalanche Photodiodes

filters for Black & White Photomicrography

interactive Java and Flash tutorials

introduction (1) (2)

reflected Light Photomicrography

shots

transmitted Light Photomicrography

troubleshooting errors and faults (1) (2)

Micro-Projectors and screens

MicroscopyU digital imaging center
Molecular AFM imaging

Motion and time sequence analysis

NanoWorld: centre for microscopy and microanalysis

NIH Image (Scion Image for PC):

animation from 3D images

for MAC
fluorescence and confocal microscopy
ftp download Site
macros (
1) (2)
Photoshop compatible plugins

programs, images and macros

user-contributed macros

Noise model

Pixel shifting increases microscopy resolution

Photography (1) (2)

Photomicrography

Photomultiplier tubes

Photoshop for microscopists
Photoshop tips

Pictures and movies with the microscope
Prisms and beamsplitters (Java)

Proximity-focused image intensifiers

Recognition and registration methods

Science and photography through the microscope

Serial section & stereo reconstruction www sites

Signal-to-noise ratio in digital cameras

Skeletonization

Software for electron microscopy

Software for image deconvolution (1) (2)
Spectral characteristics of common biological stains

Spline curves

Splines for image processing

Strategy for processing digital images

Television

Time lapse microscopy (1) (2, gallery) (3)

Using the histogram tool
Video signal generation (Java)

Vision geometry and mathematics


 

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MICROSCOPY IN GENERAL &  LIGHT MICROSCOPY

Abbe darkfield condensers (Java)

Airy difraction basics (Java)

Airy diffraction patterns and the Rayleigh criterion Airy pattern formation (Java)

Aligning Köhler illumination (Java)

An Unusual Microscope by the name 'OTROPIC'
Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Aperture and field diaphragm adjust in reflected light

Apodized phase contrast (Java)

August Köhler (1866-1948)

August Köhler's original manuscript

Axial resolution and depth of field (Java)

Background intensity effect on contrast (Java)

Basic concepts and formulas in microscopy

Basic concepts in optical microscopy

Basics

Biologically oriented sites

Binocular and other heads

Cardioid condensers (Java)

Catadioptric darkfield reflected light objectives (Java)

Cleaning, care, and maintenance of microscopes

Colloidal gold

Combined techniques

Common aberrations in lens systems

Compound microscope introduction

Concepts and Formulas in microscopy

Condensers:

alignment (Java)

aperture diaphragm adjustment (Java) (Java)

image planes (Java)

light cones (Java) (1)(2)

substage

substage, numerical aperture (Java)

Conjugate field planes (Java)

Contrast adjustment at low magnifications (Java)

Contrast control by condenser aperture diaphragm (Java)

Contrast enhancement with apodized phase plates (Java)

Contrast in optical microscopy

Correction of objective optics for coverglass thickness Darkfield condenser adjustment (Java)

Darkfield microscopy

Depth-of-focus in thick samples (Java)

Differential interference contrast (Java)

Differential interference contrast (Nomarski)

Differential interference contrast tutorial

Equipment

Ernst Abbe (1840-1905)

Eyepiece diopter adjustment (Java)

Eyepieces

Eyepieces (oculars)

Field curvature (Java)

Filter basics

Filter cleaning instructions

Filter wheels

Filters

Filters, filter sets, polarizers

Focus and alignment of mercury and xenon arc lamps Focus depth and spherical aberration (Java)

Frames

Frequently Asked Questions

Glossary of light microscope Terms
Historical notes on microscope types

History of the light microscope

Hoffman modulation contrast (Java)

Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy

Hollow light cone numerical aperture (Java)

Illumination introduction

Illumination: oblique or anaxial

Illumination sources for optical microscopy

Illumination with darkfield condensers (Java)

Illumination with transmitted light

Image brightness

Image formation

Immersion oil & refractive index (Java)

Immersion media

Infinity corrected optical systems

Infinity microscope conjugate field planes (Java)

Innovations in light microscopy

Intel Play QX3 computer microscope simulator

Interactive Java tutorials

Interferometry: (two beam) (multiple beam )
Inverted microscope light pathways (Java)

Java and Flash tutorial basics

Java-powered QX3 computer web microscope

Johannes Nathaniel Lieberkuhn (1711-1756)

John Thomas Quekett (1815-1861)

Köhler microscope alignment (Java)

Köhler microscope illumination

Lamp filament alignment (Java) (1)(2)

Laser systems for optical microscopy

Light and colors (Java)

Light diffraction through a periodic grating (Java)
Light microscopy forum

Light microscopy interest group
Light microscopy introduction

Light pathways in transmitted micr. (Java)

Light sources

Magnification concept (Java)

Magnifying microscopy (Java)

Mechanical tube length
MicroWorld resources and news

Microscope: Basics and Beyond (PDF, 20.7MB)
Microscope adapters/mounts for light guides
Microscope adapters

Microscope alignment (PDF)  

Microscope ergonomics

Microscopes: how they work
Microscopes and microscopy

Microscope optical systems

Microscope types

Microscopy and Imaging Resources on the WWW
Microscopy and microanalysis www server
Microscopy and microanalysis (commercial sites)
Microscopy and microanalysis on the Internet
Microscopy and microanalysis university sites
Microscopy and microanalysis societies

Microscopy and photography introduction

Microscopy and staining
Microscopy introduction (theory) (practice)

Microscopy library
Microscopy on line

Microscopy parts

Microscopy primer
Microscopy Sources on the Web (176 sites)

Microscopy tips
Microscopy UK (virtual microscope!)

Miscellaneous tips

Multi-View accesories

Museum of microscopies

Objectives:

anatomy

collar adjustements for coverslip thickness (Java)

focal length (Java) (1)(2)

for special applications

magnification in infinity optical systems (Java)

numerical aperture (Java)

numerical aperture & resolution (Java)

specifications and identification

On-line microscopy

Oblique coherent contrast illumination (Java)

Olympus IX70 inverted microscope light pathways (Java)

Olympus IX70 inverted microscope (Java)

Olympus BX51 upright microscope (Java)

Optical aberrations

Optical gradients in phase objects (Java)

Optical path difference (Java)

Periodic diffraction images (Java)

Phase contrast, apodized (Java)

Phase contrast microscopy

Phase contrast microscopy (Java)

Phase plate/ring alignment (Java)

Polarized light microscopy

Polarized light microscopy (Java)

Problemi Tecnici della Microscopia Ottica (PDF, 517 PP)

Projection and viewing eyepieces (Java)

Quantitative microscopy:

core rules

generality

introduction

model-based resolution

phase microscopy

problems

up-close view

Quartz coverslips

Reflected light illumination

Reflected light illuminators (Java)

Reflected light microscopy

Reflected light microscopy (Java)

Remote microscopy

Rheinberg illumination (Java)

Reticle/guiding eyepieces
Robert Hooke

Safety tips

Specialized microscopy techniques

Spherical aberration (Java)

Stages (1) (2)

Stereomicroscopy basics

Stereomicroscopy fluorescence (Java)

Stereomicroscopy, geometrical distortion (Java)

Stereomicroscopy fundamentals

Stereoscopic zoom microscopy (Java)

Technical tips

Toroidal mirrors (Java)

Translational microscopy (Java)

Virtual microscopy

Virtual microscopy (java-based)

Virtual microscopy - Web enabled

Water immersion objectives

www virtual library - microscopy

www resources

www sites

www sites - by subject

Yahoo microscopy page

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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compass

(ca 1750)

 

 

 

 

 

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Andrew Ross

(1765)

 

 

 

 

 

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Culpeper-style

(ca 1790)

 

 

 

 

 

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W&S Jones

(1790)

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Dellebarre

(1800)

 

 

 

 

 

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botanic

(ca 1800)

 

 

 

 

 

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John Bleuler

(1800)

 

 

 

 

 

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Bernardino Marzoli

(1811)

 

 

 

 

Martin-type

(ca 1820)

 

 

 

 

 

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Andrew Ross

(1831)

 

 

 

 

 

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Camille Nachet

(1833)

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Charles Chevalier

(1834)

 

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Georges Oberhauser

(ca 1840)

 

 

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Filippo Pacini

(1845)

 

 

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field

(ca 1850)

FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY

 

absorption filters (Java)

accessories

anatomy

antifading

basics

combination microscopy (Java)

correlation spectroscopy (1,pdf) (2)

digitized fluorescence polarization microscopy

epi-fluorescence illumination for stereomicroscopy

exitation/barrier filters (Java)

excitation/emission wavelengths A-Z listed by fuorochrome

excitation/emission filter selection Java tutorial

filter combinations

filter cubes (Java)

filter spectra (Java)

filters for observing BODIPY-fluorescence

fluorescence resonance energy transfer - FRET - (1) (2) (3) (4)

fluorescence and differential interference contrast

fluorescence and phase contrast 

fluorescence filter combinations (Java)

fluorescence filter cubes (Java)

fluorescence filter spectra (Java)

fluorescent probe excitation efficiency (Java)

fluorochromes:

data table

excitation/emission wavelengths listed by application

excitation/emission wavelengths  listed by fluorochrome

Olympus cube data

suitable cubes

focusing and alignment of arc lamps (Java)

fundamentals

generality

glossary of terms (1) (2)

in cell biology

interference filters (Java)

introduction to fluorescent proteins

introduction to fluorophores

light pathways (Java)

light sources

liquid crystal tunable filters

matching fluorescence filter blocks with fluorescent probes (Java)

multiple fluorochromes (Java)

multiphoton fluorescence microscopy (1) (2, PDF)(3) (4, PDF)

optimization and troubleshooting

particle tracking

primer

quantitative fluorescent speckle microscopy of cytoskeleton dynamics

reflected light (Java)

spectra database (interactive)

synthetic fluorophores and indirect immunofluorescence

technical hints

Conf0cale.jpg

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CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY

 

Choosing fluorophore combinations for confocal microscopy

Colocalization of fluorophores (Java)

Concepts

Confocal (1) (2) (3) (4)

Confocal imaging with animations
Confocal laser scanning microscope overview (PDF)

Confocal microscope

Critical aspects

Effect of fixing/mounting on 3D structure

Excitation photobleaching patterns (Java)

Fluorophores

Glossary of terms

How does a confocal microscope work (1) (2)

Image formation

Imaging modes

introduction (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Introduction to Electronic Imaging Detectors

Java tutorial

Laser excitable fluorophores

Laser safety

Laser scanning confocal microscopy (interactive Java tutorial)

Laser scanning confocal microscope simulator

Laser systems for optical microscopy

Laser tutorial

Laser types, operation, pump sources & applications

Memoir on inventing the confocal scanning microscope (M. Minsky)

Multicolor analysis in confocal immunofluorescence microscopy

Non-coherent light sources

Objectives
On the WWW

Photomultipliers

Principle

Reflected light confocal microscopy (Java)

Resolution and contrast

Resolution enhancement by the confocal principle

Sample preparation (1) (2)

Scanning systems

Simulator (Java)

Signal-to-noise considerations

Specimen preparation and imaging

Specimen preparation (indirect immunofluorescence)

Spectral bleed-through artifacts

Three-color imaging

Troubleshooting

Tutorial

Virtual confocal microscope

WWW sites  (1) (2)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Georges Oberhauser

(1850)

 

 

 

 

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Charles Chevalier

(ca 1850)

 

 

 

 

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aquatic

(1850)

 

 

TEMlama.jpg

 

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Camille Nachet

(1858)

 

 

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William Salmon

(1860)

 

 

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R&J Beck Wenham

(1865)

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

3-D electron microscopy (1) (2)

3-D electron microscopy animations
Diamond knife care and use manual (1) (2) (3, PDF)

Diatome diamond knife information site

Diffraction
Electron microscopy laboratories
Electron microscopy arcade

Electron microscopy on the WWW

Electron microscope in biology
Electron micrscopies

Energy filtering transmission electron microscopy
Freeze fracture & etching

Generality

High resolution electron microscope
Introduction to electron microscopy

Introduction to electron microscope

TEM basics (comprehensive)

The microscope that directly images atoms

Tips & Tricks

Transmission electron microscopy (1) (2) (3) (4)

Transmission electron microscopy web course
Virtual electron microscopy

Yellow Pages

Microscopy_file/images(25).jpgSEMcamera.jpghttp://www.ebsstore.com/ecommerce/control/product/~category_id=G5/~product_id=EF-CH

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dissecting

(1870)

 

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John Browning

(1877)

ELECTRON-SCANNING MICROSCOPY

Backscatter Kikuchi diffraction

Charles Oatley: pioneer of SEM

Early history of the scanning electron microscope
Electron microscopy on the www

Environmental SEM (1) (2)
Field-emission SEM
Generality

Guide

Guide to SEM observation

How SEM works

Links: (1) (2) (3) (4)

Scanning transmission electron microscope

SEM history 1928-1965
SEM overview

SEM
SEM (introduction to)
Specimen interaction volume

Specimen interactions

Sputter deposition fundamentals (PDF)

Sputter deposition introduction

Sputter deposition techniques

Tips & Tricks (cool!)

Virtual SEM (Java)

Virtual field-emission SEM

Virtual SEM

Yellow pages

       

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Swift "Challenge"

(1878)

 

 

 

 

 

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homemade

(1880)

 

 

 

 

 

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William Ladd

(ca 1880)

 

 

 

 

 

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R. Davidson

(1880)

 

 

 

 

 

Carl Zeiss

(1886)

 

 

 

 

 

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J.Swift

(1889)

 

 

 

 

Swift & Son

(1890)

 

 

 

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Henry Crouch

(1890)

 

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PROBE MICROSCOPY

 

3D reconstruction software for AFM (1)(2)(3)

Advanced surface microscopy's scanner calibration software
Anton Efimov's "Deconvo" at Silicon MDT

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) (1)(2)(3):

animations

biological applications

contact techniques (AC):

AFAM

AFAM resonance spectroscopy

contact EFM

force modulation mode

piezoresponse force microscopy

contact techniques (DC):

contact error mode

constant force mode

constant height mode

lateral force imaging

spreading resistance Imaging

force curves

general
in biology
in liquid (theory)
introduction (PowerPoint)
manual (theory)
manual (theory/practice)

molecular imaging Agilent

non-contact techniques:

non-contact mode

frequency modulation mode

overview

phase imaging

practical guide

properties, principles of operation

pulsed force mode

semicontact techniques:

semicontact error mode

semicontact mode

phase imaging mode

techniques

tip-sample interaction

tip structure determination

tutorial

Artifacts (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
Binding microparticles to AFM probes (pdf file)

Biomolecules
Blaine's home page
Calibration gratings

Cantilever properties and behaviour:

linear oscillations

non-linear oscillations

probe-sample interaction: lateral forces

sample force interaction

ultimate resolution in contact mode

Cantilevers
Contact mode simulation
Convolution

Deconvolution software (downloadable)

Electro-optic modulation (pdf)
Fluid cell
Fluid cell controller
Forbidden light
Force curve analysis
Gold coated microscope slides
Gold spheres (colloidal gold)
Groups & laboratories
Height calibration program

Herzan - defining vibrations brochure - vibration isolation - floor vibrations
Infinitesima (ActivResonance controller for tapping mode AFM)

Lateral force microscopy
Links (
1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)

Magnetic force microscopy

Measurements in liquid environment

MIDAS program for Windows (deconvolution - erosion)
Molecular imaging on-line
Movies and links
Nanoscilloscope
Nanopositioning

Nanosensors (SuperSharpSilicon tips)
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (1)(2)(3)(4)(5):

surface study

techniques:

lithography

luminescence mode

reflection mode

shear force

transmission mode

Near-field optical tweezers

Near field scanning infrared microscopy (1)(2)
Near field scanning microwave microscopy

Noise (finding structures in-)
Objective scan head
Operation modes

Phase detection in semicontact mode
Phase-friction comparison & tip relocation
Phase imaging / chemical mapping

Photonics dictionary
Pico SPM

Principles, components, applications (1)(2)
Probes
Probes (Novascan)
References on AFM (last 6 months)
References on SNOM (last 6 months)
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM):

analysis of the CD/DVD discs

bioingeneering

biology

blood cells study

books & journals
calibration gratings

combined optical study of biological samples

design and methods for biological application

digest (archived by Todd Day)

generality
Image Magic (PC software)

Internet forum

Journal, from Gordon & Breach Pub Gr
links

macromolecule structure and organization study
movies

overview (PDF)

polymers investigations

practical guide

references (last 6 months)

tutorial

types

Scanning probe microscopy in life science (tutorials)

Scanning stage system
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5):

barrier height imaging

biological molecules

constant current mode

constant height mode

density of states imaging

experiments, instruction, and videos

I(V) spectroscopy

I(z) spectroscopy

physical background

references (last 6 months)

uncoated biological specimens (1)(2)

Scientific groups & organizations
Shear-force microscopy
Single-molecule interfacial electron transfer
SNOM (NANONICS)
SNOM artifacts
SNOM fibers
SNOM probes
Software solutions for 3D/4D scientific visualization

SOLVER
Solver SNOM
Surface analytical techniques
Surface imaging systems
Tapping mode simulation
Tutorial (by Digital Instruments)
ULTRAObjective

            

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SPECIALIZED MICROSCOPIES:

MULTI-PHOTON, NMR, RAMAN, X-RAY

 

Acoustic microscopy:  (1)(2)

non-destructive investigation of opaque devices

scanning acoustic microscope (1)(2)(3)(4)

Applications of multiphoton fluorescence microscopy in biology (PDF)

Biophotonics:

caged bioactive probes

fluorescent probes

non-imaging experimental optical techniques

optical sectioning microscopy

photon limited microscopy

spectral and lifetime imaging

Chemical Microscopy (1)(2,PDF)(3)(4,PDF)

Electron microprobe techniques course notes

Energy dispersive x-ray analysis

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)(2)(3)(4)(5, PDF)(6, PDF)(7, PDF)

Fluorescent dyes and their multiphoton characteristics (PDF)

High performance Raman and FTIR

High resolution x-ray spectroscopy close to room temperature

Infrared microscopy (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)

Laser systems for optical microscopy

Microscope assembly (Java)

Microscope based spectroscopy

Multiphoton dye spectra

Multiphoton excitation microscopy (1,PDF)
Multiphoton
fluorescence microscopy (1)(2)(3)(4 PDF)

Multiphoton microscopy: phototoxic effect

Near infra-red optical micoscopy

NMR microscopy (1)(2)(3):

3D micron-scale MRI of single biological cells

blackcurrant development

Optical trapping

Optical tweezers

Polycapillary optics for energy-dispersive microbeam analysis

Raman microscopy (1)(2)(3,PDF):

carbon nanotubes

depth profiling with confocal RM

examination of polymer laminates

Scanning electron acoustic microscopy

Scanning thermal microscopy

Scanning transmission x-ray microscope

Scanning tunnelling microscopy (1)(2)(3):

analytical techniques

how it works

theory of tunneling current

Seeing with Sound

Stochastic scanning multiphoton multifocal microscopy

Synchrotron: a supermicroscope
Total internal reflection microscopy (1)(2)(3)

Two-photon dye spectra
Two photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy
Two-photon microscopy

Ultrasonic manipulation of cells

X-ray detectors

X-ray interactions with matter (calculator) (tutorial)

X-ray microscopy (1)(2)(3)(4)(5):

analysis applications

biological applications

biological imaging

diffractive optics

environmental sciences and cluster  

introduction

lenses: Fresnel zone plates
links

new view inside living cells

particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE)

related pages

soft ray (1)(2)

total reflection X-ray fluorescence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Watson & Sons

(1892)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Leitz Wetzlar

(1895)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Bausch&Lomb

(1895)

 

 

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IMAGES

Algal microscopy and image digitization

Algae image archive

Bio-Rad image gallery

Bioimage Database

Brightfield microscopy digital image gallery

BUGscope gallery

California criminalistics institute

Cells Alive!

 Confocal microscopy image gallery

Confocal images
Confocal images and movies

Crystal-Land

CSUPERB confocal web site

cyanobacteria image gallery

Cytogenetics image gallery

Darkfield microscopy gallery

DeltaVision image gallery

Dennis Kunkel's microscopy

Diatom home page

Differential interference contrast digital image gallery

Entomology images

ESEM image gallery

Field-emission SEM image gallery

Fluorescence images (1) (2)

Fluorescence microscopy digital image gallery

Fluorescence microscopy of cells in culture

Foods under the microscope

Foraminifera images

Heuser lab gallery

Histopathology images

Hoffman modulation contrast gallery

Image gallery

Image library

Images database

Image gallery (1) (2) (3)

Imaging Technology Group gallery

Invitrogen - Molecular Probes - gallery

LUMEN: histology index

Microangela's electron microscope image gallery

Microfossil images

Micropolitan museum

Microscopy www images

Microscopy movies

Mite gallery

Mitosis with fluorescence microscopy

Molecular probes gallery

Multicolor image gallery

Nanoworld

Nikon fluorescence microscopy digital image gallery

Nikon's Small world gallery

Optronics image gallery

Parasite images

Phase contrast gallery

Phytoplankton image library

Polarized ight microscopy digital image gallery

Probe microscopy images (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)

Scanning electron micrographs (1)(2)(3)

Scanning probe gallery (1)(2)(3)(4)

Smallest page on the web

SEM images (diatoms, algae, cyanobacteria)

STM image gallery (by IBM)

TEM images (1)(2)(3)(4)(nanotubes)

UMIC image library

X-ray image gallery

X-ray microscope images of sperm

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PROTOCOLS

Antifading reagents for fluorescence microscopy
Applications, techniques & protocols

Autofluorescence in aldehyde-fixed tissues/cells: reduction of-

Autoradiography principles

Biological techniques
Colloidal gold-antibody and protein conjugates
Colloidal Nanogold® labeling reagents

Confocal microscopy protocols

Coverslip acid wash

Coverslip coating (see Cell/tissue preparation & Culturing page)
Critical point drying (also the instrument)

Cryo-electron microscopy

Detergent extraction before fixation

Electron microscopy protocols (1) (2) (3)

Embedding of cell monolayer in epoxy resin

Embedding of scraped cells in epoxy resin
Embedding of cells in suspension in epoxy resin
Embedding of tissue in epoxy resin

Energy to wavelength calculator
FISH

FITC conjugation of proteins

Fixation and fixatives

Fixation with formaldehyde

Fixation with glutaraldehyde

Fixation with glutaraldehyde + formaldehyde

Fixation with methanol