PROGRAMMA HUSTON |
Cognitive:
Upon completion of the Gross Anatomy course the first year
medical student will be able to use understand the terminology
applied by physicians
to the gross structures, spaces, regions, and movements of
the human body. The student will, upon hearing or reading
the terms applied to the normal human
body, be able to form a three dimensional mental image and
functional understanding of a normal structure or region including
size; shape; visible subdivisions;
depth from the surface of the body; relation-ships to other
structures or regions; blood supply and drainage; lymphatic
drainage; innervation; and embryological
development. The student will be capable of using this knowledge
as a basis upon which to continue learning and to make decisions
related to the practice of medicine.
Affective: Display positive approach tendencies toward the
study of anatomy in lecture and text assignments. Understanding
of this material will provide a conceptual
framework for the accompanying details of anatomy. This will
provide not only a knowledge for the immediate purposes of
passing the course, but a long-lasting
impression of anatomy that will be valuable throughout the
student's medical career. INTERMEDIATE OBJECTIVES Medical
Gross Anatomy 301. Body Walls and Cavities.
Upon oral and/or written examination the student should be
able to: A. On a human cadaver expose,, point to, and name
or on a picture or diagram of a portion
of the human body 1 able or describe:
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 I.ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON GENERAL INFORMATION AND ON THE BACK |
a. the appendicular and accessory respiratory muscles, the subdivision of the erector spinae, the transversospinal, and the muscles of the suboccipital
triangle b. the arterial supply and nerve supply of the muscles located on the back c. the muscles and bones which bound the suboccipital, auscultatory and lumbar
triangles d. the meninges of the spinal cord and their specializations e. the fascial layers of the back f. the spinal cord; including its cervical and lumbar
enlargements, the cauda equina, dorsal and ventral roots, and dorsal root ganglia g. the varying thckness of the skin of the back relating this variance to the
nature of the underlying structures. |
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II. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALLS |
a. the layers of the thoracic and abdominal walls b. the nerves, arteries and veins of the thoracic and abdominal walls c. the layers of the inguinal
canal, the spermatic cord and the scrotum. |
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III. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC CAVITY |
a. the structures found in the superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastina b. the boundaries of the superior, anterior, middle and posterior
mediastina c. structures and sinuses remaining in the pericardial sac after the heart has been removed d. the lungs including lobes, hilar structures, and
impressions made by contiguous structures e. the heart including vasculatory, chambers, and speciali- zations within the chambers f. the sympathetic nervous
system including white and gray rami, chain ganglia, trunk, and splanchnic nerves. |
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IV. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON ABDOMINAL CAVITY |
a. the subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral mesenteries, the digestive organs, the excretory organs, the spleen, and the adrenal glands
b. the blood supply and drainage of the organs contained in the abdominal cavity c. the psoas major and minor and quadratus lumborum muscles
d. the ventral rami of the lumbar segmental nerves e. the terminations of the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves f. the prevertebral nervous plexus and
its associated ganglia g. the cisterna chyli and the beginning of the thoracic duct h. the composition of the thoracoabdominal diaphragm and the positions and
name of structures passing through it i. the distinguishing characteristics of the jejunum, duodenum, ileum and colon k. the peritoneal cavity, including
subdivisions, pouches, and fossae l. the structures in the leading edge of the lesser omentum in relation to each other and to the foramen. |
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V. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THE PELVIS |
a. the bony boundaries of the true and false pelvis b. the ligaments and muscles which connect the bones and complete the walls of the true and
false pelvis c. the location and distribution of the autonomic nerves and plexuses in the pelvis d. the arteries and veins which are found in the pelvis
e. the sacral plexus of nerves f. the organs found in the pelvis g. the extent and arrangement of the peritoneum in the pelvic cavity h. the fascia and
ligamentous thickenings thereof which surround and support the pelvic viscera. |
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VI. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THE PERINEUM |
a. the layers of the urogenital triangle and the contents of each layer in the male and in the female b. the ischiorectal fossa including boundaries
and contents c. the external anal sphincter muscle and its subdivision d. the urethra including subdivisions, and elaborations of the walls in males and females.
B. Point to and name major structures shown on an x-ray. |
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B. Point to and name major structures shown on an x-ray. |
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I.ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON GENERAL INFORMATION AND ON THE BACK |
a. the parts of the vertebrae, posterior aspects of the iliac crests, sacrum, cocyx, ribs, scapulae, and occipital bone b. features which
distinguish between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae c. positions of intervertebral discs, interlaminar spaces, intervertebral foramina and points
of intervertebral articulations. |
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II.ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALLS |
a. the bones and their parts |
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III. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC CAVITY |
a. the bronco-pulmonary segments, heart, the divisions of the lungs and the vasculature of the heart |
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IV. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON ABDOMINAL CAVITY |
a. the vasculature of the abdomen, the organs of the digestive system, the biliary system and the excretory system. V. and VI. ENABLING OBJECTIVES
ON PELVIS AND PERINEUM a. the bones and joints forming the pelvis b. the vasculature of the pelvis and perineum c. the organs of the pelvis and perineum
d. the bony margins of the anal and urogenital triangles e. Label and finish an incomplete diagram, drawing in the missing structures in correct positions,
sizes, and shapes. |
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I.ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON GENERAL INFORMATION AND ONTHE BACK |
a. typical cross section of the thoracic spinal cord and the peripheral nerves with which it is associated b. add typical somatic and autonomic
reflex arcs by drawing in appropriate neurons and synapses c. a vertebra as seen from the inferior surface d. the positions of attachment of the intervertebral
ligaments e. the lateral and anterior walls of the vertebral canal from the first lumbar vertebra through the sacrum draw in the neural and meningeal contents
of the canal f. ribs, scapula, upper humerus, iliac crests, sacrum and vertebrae as seen from the posterior view g. in normal position, the appendicular,
accessory respiratory and back muscles h. a cross section of the back between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae label the layers through which a needle
passes in lumbar puncture i. the posterior aspects of the occipital bone and the first and second cervical vertebrae, draw in the muscles of the suboccipital
triangle, the dorsal rami of the first, second and third cervical nerves and the vertebral, occipital and descending cervical arteries. |
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II. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALLS |
a. a longitudinal section of a typical intercostal space label the structures shown and add the vascularity and nerves b. a section through the
abdominal wall label the structures shown and add the vascularity and nerves c. cross sections of the inguinal canal progressively more and more medially
located draw in the layers surrounding the spermatic cord. |
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III. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC CAVITY |
a. a drawing of the sternum and ribs draw in the positions of the lungs and their subdivisions, the heart and the valves, the extent of the parietal
pleura, and the courses of the great vessels b. a drawing of the heart and the vascularity. |
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IV. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON ABDOMINAL CAVITY |
a. drawings of any of the abdominal organs draw in the vascularity b. appropriate sagittal or transverse sections of the abdominal cavity draw in
the reflections of the peritoneum c. a diagram of the posterior abdominal wall and diaphragm label the reflections of the peritoneum and locate the positions
of the branches of the aorta, the position of the cistern chyli and the epiploic foramen. |
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V. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON PERINEUM |
a. a frontal section through the anal triangle of the perineum draw in the anal diaphragm, external anal sphincter and rectum b. frontal sections
of the urogenital triangle of the male and female. Draw in the pouches and their contents D. Name the bones and their parts on a skeleton and demon-strate or
describe the relationships of soft structures and spaces to these bones. |
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I. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON GENERAL INFORMATION AND ON THE BACK |
a. the bones(s) including; macroscopic structure, functions, a description of membranous and endochondrial bone formation, basis for names of bones,
regional classification (axial, etc.), terms for elevations (list and define), terms for depressions (list and define), terms for cavities within or holes
through bones (list and define) b. on a skeleton, the bones which belong to the axial and to the appendicular divisions of the skeleton c. the primary and
secondary curvatures of the vertebral column. Define kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis d. the parts and foramina of the vertebrae, posterior surfaces of the
sacrum, scapula, occipital bone and the mastoid process of the temporal bone e. the differences which distinguish cervical from thoracic, from lumbar vertebrae
f. using proper terminology (superior, superficial, medial and their opposites) the exact location of any bone or part of any bone with the body in the anatomic
position g. the position of the appendicular, accessory respiratory, erector spinae and transversospinal muscles on the skeleton and the main action of each. |
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II. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALLS |
a. the ribs, sternum and its parts, pubis, ilea and clavicles b. the positions of the intercostal, pectoral, and abdominal musculature on the
skeleton and the main action of each muscle c. the vertebral levels of the parts of the sternum, the most inferior extent of the costal arch, the anterior,
superior spine of the ileum and the most superior extent of the iliac crest. |
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III. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC CAVITY |
a. the lungs, pleural cavities, heart and great vessels to the appropriate bones of the thoracic wall. |
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IV. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON ABDOMINAL CAVITY |
a. the abdominal viscera, peritoneum and great vessels to the appropriate bones of the abdominal wall. |
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V. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON PELVIS |
a. the bones of the pelvis and their parts, protuberances, depressions, cavities and fossae or foramina b. the above to nerves, blood vessels,
muscles, ligaments and organs of the pelvis c. the criteria for determining the sex of the individual based on the form and relationships of the pelvic
bones d. the structural basis for support of the body in the upright position privided by the pelvic bones and their ligaments and muscles and their
articulations with vertebrae and femurs. |
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VI. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON PERINEUM |
a. the bony landmarks which form boundaries of the urogenital and anal triangles b. Locate and name on a fellow student, him- or herself, a
cadaver, or on a picture the superficial bony, muscular and integumentary landmarks and regions and lines of reference. |
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I.ENABLING OBJECTIVE ON GENERAL INFORMATION AND ON THE BACK |
a. the skin including general structure, sensory components, and functions b. the lumbar triangle and the triangle of auscultation c. the superficial
landmarks which can be used to determine the appropriate vertebral level for doing a lumbar puncture. What is the appropriate level? d. the bony landmarks of
the back and back of head e. the muscles causing bulges in the skin of the back. |
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II. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALLS |
a. the bony and muscular bulges b. various lines or items of reference to deeper structures which are used to divide the abdomen into quadrants
or into nine regions. |
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III. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON PELVIS AND PERINEUM |
a. the pubic tubercles, iliac spines and crest, and the ischial tuberosities b. the natural orificies and the correct angle for insertion
of instruments for examination c. Estimate the position of deeper structures, spaces, and regions in relationship to the superficial bony, muscular,
and integumentary landmarks, and lines and regions of reference and in relation to each other. |
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I.ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON GENERAL INFORMATION AND ON THE BACK |
a. the vertebral level of the iliac crests and the base of the iliac spine and the inferior angle of the scapula b. the proper terms of direction used
in human anatomy c. the terms used for sections and planes of the body d. the word "relations" as applied to gross anatomy. |
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II. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALLS |
a. bulges or depressions on the surface to the underlying muscles and bones b. the boundaries of the inguinal canal. |
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III. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC CAVITY |
. the heart and its valves to the anterior thoracic wall, and account for the points where the valves are heart most efficaciously b. the
lungs to surface structures c. the pleural reflections to surface structures. |
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IV. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON ABDOMINAL CAVITY |
a. the usual position of abdominal viscera when projected to the anterior or posterior abdominal walls and in relation to the quadrants and to the
nine regions b. the abdominal viscera to each other and to structures on the posterior abdominal wall. |
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V. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON PELVIS |
a. the depth, position and/or possible approach to the internal pelvic structures. |
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VI. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON PERINEUM |
a. the anatomic features of the anal canal b. the structures which may be palpated via rectum c. the structures which may be palpated via the vagina |
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G. Describe and label diagrams of appropriate stages in the embryonic origin and any subsequent changes in size, shape and/or position of
structures, spaces, or regions when appropriate to forming a visual picture or to recognition of congenital disorders. |
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I.ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON GENERAL INFORMATION AND ON THE BACK |
a. the phenomena of fertilization, tubal transport, and implantation b. the processes of placentation and formation of the blastocyst c.
the formation of the germ layers and the establishment of body form d. the processes of tissue differentiation and organogenesis e. the embryonic origin
of the parts of the vertebrae and ribs and its relation to the nerve supply of the musculature of the definitive adult back f. the phenomenon of the adult
spinal cord being shorter than the vertebral column g. the innervation of skin over appendicular muscles on the back by dorsal rami of spinal nerves h. the
innervation of appendicular muscles on back by cranial nerves or ventral rami of spinal nerves i. the formation of the breast (i.e. ducts, niple, milk line, etc) |
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I. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALLS |
a. the descent of the testes b. the formation of layers around descending testes |
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III. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC CAVITY |
a. the partitioning of the coelom leading to formation of pleural and pericardial cavities and separation of the peritoneal cavity from the
pleural cavities by the respira- tory diaphragm (include hernias) b. location, size, position and composition of thymus gland in relation to age c. relation
of embryonic origin to adult location and course of the phrenic nerves d. the location of the vagus nerves on the esophagus e. the different routes taken by
the recurrent laryngeal nerves on the two sides of the body |
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IV. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON ABDOMINAL CAVITY |
a. the concept of primary and secondary retroperitoneal organs b. development origins and subsequent changes in the ligaments, omenta,
or mesenteries associated with the gut tube c..relationship of fossae on the inside of the anterior abdominal wall and the folds related to these fossae
to their embryonic origin and to inguinal and femoral herniae |
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V. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THE PELVIS |
a. the development and final position of ovaries, testes, oviducts, uterus, vas deferens, seminal vescicles, ureters, bladders, and their blood
and nerve supply b. congenital anomalies of structures in (a) above. |
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VI. ENABLING OBJECTIVE ON PERINEUM |
a. external genitalion of female and male b. homologies between genitalia of both. |
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H. Trace the flow of contents in a normal direction, through the reproductive, respiratory, digestive, excretory, neural, lymphatic,
circulatory, and secretory ductwork of the body. |
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I.ENABLING OBJECTIVE ON GENERAL INFORMATION AND ON THE BACK |
a. heart 8including chambers); arteries; veins b. cerebrospinal fluid from site of formation c. nerve supply to heart, arteries and veins. |
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II. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALLS |
a. trace nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the thoracic or abdominal walls and from the walls to the spinal cord b. blood supply and venous
drainage of thoracic and abdominal walls c. blood supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage and drainage of mammary secretion from breast. |
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III. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC CAVITY |
a. the pulmonary circulation b. circulation in the fetus c. changes occurring at birth in (b) above. |
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IV. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY |
a. the flow of hemoglobin breakdown products from the spleen to the duodenum b. the flow of digested food through the gastrointestinal tract,
including control of fecal digestion c. describe flow of blood from the spleen and gastrointestinal tract to the inferior vena cava d. flow of urine from
the openings of papillary ducts in the kidneys to the urinary bladder. |
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ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THE PELVIS |
a. the means by which eggs can move from ovary to oviduct to uterus b. the route and manner by which a fetus can move from uterus, through
cervix and vagina with relation to the effect on surrounding structures c. the route of spermatozoa from testis and its ducts to vas deferens, ejaculatory
ducts and urethra d. all ducts, sphincters and muscular control mechanisms in the excretion of urine e. the route by which cancer of the prostate can reach
the bodies of the vertebrate without first traversing the lungs. |
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I. Describe definitively a joint including all component parts. Classify joints as to types possible. Name and define movements at joints.
Distinguish between ligaments, bursae and capsules. State general information about the skeletal muscles including: classification; macroscopic structure;
definition of origin and insertion and methods for their determination; the bases for muscle nomenclature; development of muscles; usual location of nerve
and vascular supply; types of neurons in nerves to muscles; and be able to define antagonism and synergism. Demonstrate on a cadaver any joint and the
associated ligaments. Demonstrate any muscle and its origin and insertion. Demonstrate by instructing a fellow student or by moving his/her own parts,
the range of motion of any joint, or the actions of muscles separately or in groups at these same joints. |
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I.ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON GENERAL INFORMATION AND ON THE BACK |
a. all of the joints between any two vertebrae excluding the occipital and atlanto-axial b. the names of the types of joints in the vertebral
column, nature of the intervertebral discs, plane of the articular surfaces comparing one level of the vertebral column with every other level c. the muscles
involved in the allowed movements of the vertebrae d. the names and locations of ligaments in vertebral column e. the movements allowed by the shoulder and
sternoclavicular joints. |
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II. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALLS |
a. the joints between ribs and vertebrae and ribs and sternum b. the movements of ribs and sternum in respiration. |
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III and IV. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON THORACIC ABDOMINAL CAVITIES V and VI. ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON PELVIS AND ON PERINEUM |
a. the sacroiliac and lumbosacral joints and their particular roles in upright posture b. the pubic symphysis and component ligaments and bones
and their contributions to stability of the pelvis Diagram, describe, or demonstrate on a cadaver, the course, relations, and distribution of any main artery,
vein or nerve in the human body. Give general information about these structures. |
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I.ENABLING OBJECTIVES ON GENERAL INFORMATION AND ON THE BACK |
a. the central nervous system b. the peripheral nervous system c. the function of the nervous system d. the similarities and differences of
cranial and spinal nerves as to number, components, types of ganglia present e. the parts of a neuron f. the somatic and autonomic nervous system g. the
somatic reflex arc, a GVA sympathetic and GVA-parasympathetic reflex arcs h. the location of cell bodies, synapses and the direction of the flow of impulses
i. a drawing of a cross section of the spinal cord and its meningeal coverings j. the cutaneous branches of the dorsal rami of spinal nerves entering the
superficial fascia immediately lateral to the vertebrae in the upper back and far lateral in the lower back k. the blood supply and drainage to and from the
vertebral column and the contents of the vertebral canal l. the blood supply and venous drainage of the back m. a typical inter-segmental artery. |
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CORSO DI ANATOMIA CLINICA E DI ANATOMIA RADIOLOGICA PER GLI STUDENTI DI MEDICINA DEL I E DEL II SEMESTRE UNIVERSITA' DI HOUSTON |
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OSTEOLOGIA E ARTROLOGIA PER IMMAGINI |
L'obiettivo dell'osteologia è di verificare la morfologia delle singole ossa su immagini radiologiche oppure standard, confrontandole con il modello anatomico: Cranio visto dal davanti, cranio visto dal lato sinistro, superficie esterna base del cranio, fosse craniche, scatola cranica vista dall'alto, calotta cranica vista dall'interno, occipitale, sfenoide, temporale, parietale, frontale, etmoide, mascellare, vomere, lacrimale, cornetto inferiore, osso nasale, osso palatino, mandibola, cavità orbitaria, canale naso-lacrimale, palato duro, cavità nasale, fossa pterigo-palatina; cranio del neonato; occipitale visto posterolateralmente, vertebre cervicali con atlante ed epistrofeo viste posterolateralmente, coste e clavicola viste da sopra e sotto, pelvi di uomo e donna visione anteroinferiore anterosuperiore e postero-inferiore, osso iliaco visto anteriormente e poste-riormente, parte prossimale e distale di tibia e fibula viste anteriormente e posteriormente, patella, cenni ossa piede visione dorsale e volare; scapola: vista anteriormente e posteriormente, parte prossimale e distale dell'omero visti posteriormente ed anteriormente, parte prossimale e distale di radio ed ulna visti anteriormente e posteriormente, cenni ossa mano visione dorsale e volare.
L'obiettivo della artrologia è di verificare la morfologia delle superfici articolari, dei legamenti, delle capsule fibrose e delle parti ossee periarticolari su immagini radiologiche oppure su immagini standard oppure su modelli:
Articolazione della colonna vertebrale, articolazione atlanto-occipitale ed atlanto-assiale, articolazione della mandibola, articolazione acromioclavicolare, articolazione della spalla, articolazione del gomito, articolazione e legamenti della mano (molto schematici), articolazione e legamenti del cingolo pelvico, articolazione dell'anca, articolazione del ginocchio, articolazione tibio-fibulare e talocrurale, legamenti del piede (solo schematici). |
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LEZIONI PRATICHE DI DISSEZIONE E/O LEZIONI SU MODELLI ANATOMICI UNIVERSITA' DI HOUSTON
ORGANI DELLA CAVITA' TORACICA |
Cuore: conformazione esterna ed interna; conformazione interna ed esterna per immagini; rapporti, proiezione toraco cardiaca; proiezione del cuore sulla parete toracica vista su immagini standard; struttura dell'endocardio e miocardio; sistema di conduzione; vascolarizzazione; pericardio: macro e micro; organogenesi del cuore e del pericardio; anomalie di sviluppo. Bronchi e polmoni: suddivisione dell'albero bronchiale; rapporti e struttura dei bronchi extra e intrapolmonari; forma rapporti e caratteri fisici del polmone; topografia toraco-polmonare; lobi polmonari, segmenti polmonari; bronchi e polmoni per immagini; unità respiratorie terminaLi; struttura del polmone; vascolarizzazione nutritizia e funzionale dei bronchi e del polmone; linfatici del polmone e rete linfatica extra-polmonare; pleure macro e micro cupola pleurica; topografia toraco-pleurica. Sistema arterioso: aorta ascendente, arco dell'aorta e suoi rami collaterali intratoracici, aorta toracica con rami collaterali, arteria mammaria interna suoi rami collaterali e circolo anastomotico arterioso mammaria-aorta. Sistema venoso: cave, anonime decorso e rapporti; azigos, emiazigos decorso rapporti affluenti; vena mammaria interna decorso e affluenti; anastomosi cava-cava (epigastriche, azigos, plessi epidurali).Dotto toracico: origine, decorso, sbocco, rapporti, struttura.
Esofago: conformazione esterna ed interna, decorso, rappor- ti; conformazione esterna ed interna per immagini; struttura, vascolarizzazione innervazione.
Timo: conformazione evoluzione post-natale, rapporti, struttura; timo per immagini. Anatomia della parete toracica: diaframma inclusa la organogenesi; parete toracica e stretto superiore toracico. |
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ORGANI DELLA CAVITA' ADDOMINALE |
Apparato Digerente: cavità orale, palato, muscolatura palato; ghiandole salivari maggiori e minori; struttura ghiandole salivari, logge ghiandolari; denti: morfologia, denti permanenti e decidui, vasi, nervi, linfatici denti, struttura dente, sviluppo denti. Lingua, faringe, esofago: conformazione, rapporti, muscolatura, vasi, nervi, linfati- ci; faringe, esofago per immagini; tonsilla: rapporti e struttura. Stomaco: conformazione interna, esterna, rapporti struttura, vasi nervi, linfatici; stomaco per immagini; duodeno, digiuno, ileo conformazione, rapporti, struttura, vasi, nervi, linfatici; duodenali, digiuno, ileo per immagini; crasso: conformazione, rapporti, struttura, vasi, nervi, linfatici, esplorazione rettale; fascia e spazi rettali; ano per immagini; pancreas esocrino, vasi, nervi, linfatici; pancreas per immagini; fegato: confor-mazione, rapporti, struttura, vasi, nervi, linfatici, divisione segmentata fegato; vie biliari e cistifellea: conformazione, rapporti,topografia, struttura: fegato e vie biliari per immagine. Organogenesi stomaco, fegato, pancreas, duodeno; organogenesi cieco- colon- appendice.
Apparato Urinario: reni: conformazione,proiezione rapporti, fascia renale, struttura, vasi renali e circoli anastomo-tici,linfatici; rene,struttura,vasi renali e circoli anastomotici, linfatici; rene per immagine; vie escretrici rene e uretere; conformazione rapporti struttura, vascolarizzazione uretere,linfatici; vie escretrici; rene ed uretere per immagine; vescica: conformazione, rapporti, muscolatura, struttura, vasi, nervi, minzione, linfatici; vescica per immagini; uretra maschile: decorso, struttura, meccanismo di erezione del pene, uretra femminile per immagini.
Apparato Genitale Maschile: testicolo-epididimo,conforma-zione, struttura, ciclo spermatogenetico, tessuto intersti-ziale, vasi, nervi, linfatici; testicolo-epididimo per immagini; condotto deferente-vescichette seminali-condotti eiaculatori, decorso, struttura: cordone spermatico; scroto, prostata: conformazione, rapporti, strutture, vasi, nervi, linfatici; vie escretrici testicolo-prostata per immagini.
Apparato Genitale Femminile: ovaio, conformazione in rapporto all' età,rapporti, mezzi fissità, struttura, vasi ed anastomosi; ovidotto: conformazione, struttura: utero: conformazione in rapporto all'età, struttura; utero: conformazione in rapporto età e funzione, rapporti muscolatura, struttura, vasi, nervi linfatici, mezzi di fissità dell' utero; vagina e genitali esterni: conformazione e struttura; ovaie, ovidotto, utero vagina per immagini.Organogenesi dell' apparato urogenitale e loro residui.
Pareti dell'addome: topografica regioni addominali, cavità pelvica, muscoli retto dell'addome, obliquo esterno, interno e trasverso, linea alba addominale, canale inguinale e femorale; regione ombelicale ed ernie ombelicali; muscolo ileo-psoas; muscoli del diaframma pelvico; muscoli del trigono urogenitale, fossa ischio-rettale.
Milza: conformazione, rapporti, struttura vascolariz-zazione, linfatici; milza per immagini.
Peritoneo: cavità chiusa nel maschio; cavità aperta (infundibolo) nella femmina; peritoneo della vescica, utero, parametrio, ovaio, retto, piccolo e grande intestino (cieco-appendice); mesi: mesenterio, mesocolon, mesosigma, mesenteriolo; peritoneo dello stomaco, milza rene, pancreas, surrene, fegato; piccolo omento, grande omento, retro cavità degli epiploon; peritoneo a livello ombelicale; peritoneo a livello cavità inguinale. Grandi logge peritoneali in funzione della patologia; organi della cavità addominale per immagini.
Sistema Portale: vene porta e suoi tre affluenti (decorso, rapporti in dettaglio); anastomosi venose fra i tre rami affluenti alla porta. Sistema portale accessorio di anastomosi tra circolazione venosa sistemica e circolazione portale: retto, cardias, contatto extra-peritoneale di organi con parete addominale, legamento falciforme,caput medusae, sistema di Retzius.
Sistema anastomico cava superiore-cava inferiore: vene epigastriche superiore ed inferiore; sistema azigos, plesso venoso vertebrale extradurale.
Sistema cava inferiore: decorso dettagliato cava inferiore, iliaca comune, iliaca interna ed esterna loro affluenti (in dettaglio).
Sistema aorta addominale: decorso e rapporti in dettaglio di: aorta addominale, iliaca comune iliaca interna ed esterna fino ad arteria femorale , decorso e rapporti in dettaglio dei rami aorta addominale, ed i principali rami collaterali iliaci. Anastomosi arteriose nel piccolo-grande intestino e stomaco. Sindrome e nuove anastomosi da occlusione dell'aorta addominale, iliaca esterna.
Colocalizzazioni; pericardio: macro e micro; organogenesi del cuore e del pericardio; anomalie di sviluppo.
Bronchi e polmoni: suddivisione dell'albero bronchiale; rapporti e struttura dei bronchi extra e intrapolmonari; forma rapporti e caratteri fisici del polmone; topografia toraco-polmonare;lobi polmonari, segmenti polmonari; bronchi e polmoni per immagini; unità respiratorie terminali; struttura del polmone; vascolarizzazione nutritizia e funzionale dei bronchi e del polmone; linfatici del polmone e rete linfatica extra-polmonare; pleure macro e micro cupola pleurica; topografia toraco-pleurica.
Sistema arterioso: aorta ascendente, arco dell'aorta e suoi rami collaterali intratoracici, aorta toracica con rami collaterali, arteria mammaria interna suoi rami collaterali circolo anastomotico arterioso mammaria-aorta.
Sistema venoso: cave, anonime decorso e rapporti; azigos, emiazigos, decorso rapporti affluenti; vena mammaria interna decorso e affluenti; anastomosi cava-cava (epigastriche, azigos, plessi epidurali).Dotto toracico: origine, decorso, sbocco, rapporti struttura. |
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